Okay, I'm not clear on exactly what you are trying to do. When you say 'using your Android phone', do you mean using it as a control point, to control playback where the audio comes out of the odroid, or do you mean using it as a remote endpoint, where audio comes out of the phone?
For the former, I was trying to ascertain whether your ALSA setup works or not. For this, you can you use aplay to test the output from your odroid. Did you do this? Does alsamixer work? Do you have multiple outputs?
For the latter, I do not have experience with this setup, but your earlier error message seems to indicate that you need to specify bitrate and quality for the http server output. See the mpd documentation for more info.
However, when you posted your mpd.conf, it is configured with an ALSA output. What error message do you receive then?