But I think the system does not reboot successful or doesn't finish it's automatic setup.
Yes, this here
looks suspicious. Seems the voltage regulator is at the lowest level (680mV) for whatever reasons and then CPU clockspeeds that exceed the minimum can cause problems on some boards. See https://forum.armbian.com/topi…findComment&comment=42585
I doubt there's much you can do currently except trying to mount the 1st partition of a freshly created image and adjust /etc/defaults/cpufrequtils so that max and min values are the same to then boot and try to update everything.