Just for info.
The last hour I did a brand new installation of OMV v5 (over Debian 10). With latest OMV5-extras I've installed docker and tried to install Portainer, but I didn't have access to the web interface. Even OMV showed me that Portainer was successful installed.
Than I've tried cockpit and this worked perfect. I could open the Webinterface of cockpit.
So the best way right now to use Portainer is to install it by hand (via command line)
Edit: sorry, but even installing Portainer by hand didn't work. I don't know what's going on here